Sapphire is used in a wide range of applications due to its unique combination of optical, mechanical, chemical, dielectric and thermal properties:
High hardness (9 in Mohs Scale).
High strength.
High stiffness.
Excellent wear resistance.
High refractoriness.
High resistance to chemical attacks of strong acids and alkali even at high temperatures.
excellent insulating properties.
Low coefficient of thermal expansion.
Good thermal conductivity.
High refractive index.
Good biocompatibility.
Typical applications of synthetic sapphires:
High strength and erosion resistant windows for aerospace industry, watches, etc.
High pressure, high temperature chambers of analytic devices (spectroscopes, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Inductively Coupled Plasma analysis)
Substrate for silicon base Integrated Circuits.
Substrate for growing gallium nitride (GaN) used in semiconductor industry.
Optical devices for Ultraviolet and Infrared applications.
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